giving instruction

Giving instruction is an expression that is used in other that other person does what we instruct or request.

1. The example expressions of giving instruction :

• open your book !!!
• close the door, please !!!
• be quiet, please!!!
• Move the chair !!!
• Open the window!!!
• Pass me the sugar, please!!!
• Stand up, please!!!

Note : The tense used in giving instruction is “simple present”.

2. Pay attention to these sentences:
*Don’t close the window.
*Don’t come late.
*Don’t boil the noodles too long.
*Don’t put too much water into the pan.

3. giving instructions have 2 subject ::
command :: A. verb+ Object
B. please + verb + object
C. would you please + verb + object
D. Verb+ object + please

prohibition :: A. Don't + Verb + Object
B. Don't + verb + Object + please
C. Would you mind not + Verb-ing + Object
D. Would you please+ not+ to +verb + object

perfect tense

Present Perfect Tense is used for describing a past action’s effect on the present: He has arrived. Now he is here. This holds true for events that have just been secluded as well as for events that have not yet occurred.
The pattern :
(+) S + has/have + V3 + O.
(-) S + has/have + not + V3 + O.
(?) Has/Have + S + V3 + O + ?
Present perfect is formed by combining have/has with the main verb’s past participle form:
— I have arrived.
A negation is produced by inserting not after have/has:
— I have not arrived.
Questions in present perfect are formulated by starting a sentence with have/has:
— Has she arrived?
Past Perfect Tense is a kind of tense that is used to describe an action or an event that started in a certain time in the past and completed or finished till certain time in the past too; or past perfect tense is used to express an action or an event that had happened before the other event or action happened
The pattern :
(+) Subject + had+verb III+cmplement
(-) Subject + had not+ver III+complement
(?) Had + subject +verb III+complement
Adverbs used :
from 1998 to 1999, once, twice, etc.

sympathy expression

Expressing sympathy is used to expression sympathy felling or care to someone who has problem or accident.

Kinds of expressing sympathy :
That’s awfull.
That’s a shame. Poor you.
That’s a pity. I express my deeps.
That’s a terrible.
That’s too bad.
That’s dread full.
What a shame.
What a pity.
How terrible!
How dread full!
I’m sorry to hear that.
I’m sorry to know that.
I’m sympathy with you.
I’m so sad to hear that.
I’m so sad to know that.
I can sympathy.
I know the felling.
I know what you feel.
Oh no………
Oh dear………!

Accepting sympathy :
Thank you.
Thanks.
Thank you very much.
Thank you so much.

past tense

Simple past tense is text used to indicate an event or an activity that happen or to do in past event.

1. The times mentions clearly as ::
->yesterday
->a week ago
->last night
->2 days form yesterday
->a last week

2. The second verb is used in this tense.

3. Simple past tense is usually used in recount text,report text and narative text.

4. The formula are ::
* verbal past tense
FORMULA =) s+V2+O/C
=) S+did+not+V1+o/c
=) did+s+V1+o?

* nominal past tense ::
FORMULA =) S+tobe (was/were) + c

Example ::
VErbal tense ::
* they wrote a letter yesterday
* they did not write a letter yesterday
* did they write a letter yesterday?

*she sang a song last night
*she did not sing a song last night
*did she sing a song last night?

* i went go to school with him
* i did not go to school with him
* Did i go to school with him?

Nominal tense ::
*she was a nurse last year
*they were in the party last night
*the dog was mine
*i was student in SMADA
*we were friend's

procedure text

Procedure text is a text that is designed to describe how something is achieved throught a sequence of actions or steps. It explains how people perform different precces in a sequence of steps. This text uses simple present tense, often imperative sentences. It also uses the temporal conjuction such as first,second,, them, , next, finally, etc.

1. The generic structures of procedure text are :

-Goal/aim (or title)
-Materials (not required for all procedural texts)
-Steps (the actions that must be taken)

Goal/aim (or tittle)
* how to make a fried noddles
* how to play boomerang

Materials
*a sachet fried noddles
*a pot or pan, etc

Steps
* first,second,then,next,finally..etc

EXAMPLE ::

how to make a fried noodles

you need ::
# a sachet fried noodles
# 400 cc (2 glass) hot water
# a pot or pan
# a egg and some sausage

what you should do are ::

# boil 400 cc (2 glass) of water in a pan,add noodle,stir slowly for 3 minutes
# pour the seasoning on a plate,while noodles is being cooked
# take the cooked noodles from the boiling water and drain it.
# mix noodle thourghhly with the all seasoning, mix well.
# add an egg and some sausage in noodles and...

your delicious noodle is ready to serve..^^

listening

Description:
Often time student are not able to communicating clearly what they would like to say.
It is purpose of this lesson to help student understand to need to be articulate and precise when explain steps to another student. In addition the student listening will learn to be a more affective listener.


Goal: Students will understand to need to be articulate when communicating
Objectives:
1. the student will use descriptive eplications to guide another student in completing the task.
2. The student will explain the importance of being articulate and the frustration when directions are unclear.


Background Information:
• This activity will teach student to explain what they see and guide another student in reproducing the drawing by what they are told
Concepts: Student will able to:
1. Explain and articulate the steps to reproducing a drawing
2. Follow directions as closely as possible
3. Communicate with follow students to accomplish the given task

greetings

greeting is an act of communication in which human beings intenkonally make their presence known to each other, two attention to, and to siggest a type of relationship or social status between individuals or groups of people coming in contact with each other.

Kinds of greeting :
* Good morning
* hello
* hi
* how are you ?
* how do you do ?

how do you introduce your self ?
-lets me introduce my self, my name is ririn.
-hello i'm jason.
-hi, i'm wati fatimah. you can call me wati.
how do you introduce other people ?
-i would like you to meet Dinda.
-i would to introduce Gerry Saputra

how do you close or end conversation ?
-well, i must be off now. I'll talk to you later !!
-I'm sorry,but i have to go now. See you later !!

EXAMPLES :
Hellen : hi IndRa.How are you this morning ?
Indra : hello Hellen. i'm fine.thank you.

vocabs : shapes and parts of body

SHAPES

Simple Straight sided shapes
Rectangle
Square
Triangle
Simple Rounded shapes
Circle
Oval
3D shapes
Cone
Cube
Cylinder
Pyramid
Sphere
Mathematical shapes
Parallelogram
Pentagon - 5 sides
Octagon - 8 sides
Miscellaneous shapes
Diamond
Heart


Part of Body

The Body = Tubuh
1.Hair = Rambut
2.Head = Kepala
3.Neck = Leher
4.Throat = Tenggorokan
5.Shoulder = Bahu
6.Chest = Dada
7.Back = Punggung
8.Waist = Pinggung
9.Stomach = Perut
10.Hip = Pinggul
11.Bottom = Pantat
12.Armpit = Ketiak
13.Arm = Lengan
14.Upper arm = Lengan Atas
15.Elbow = Siku
16.Forearm = Lengan Bawah
17.Wrist = Pergelangan Tangan
18.Fist = Kepalan Tangan
19.Hand = Tanagn
20.Palm = Tapak Tangan
21.Thumb = Ibu Jari
22.Finger = Jari Tangan
23.Nail = Kuku
24.Leg = Kaki
25.Thigh = Paha
26.Knee = Lutut
27.Calf = Betis
28.Ankle = Pergelangan Kaki
29.Foot = Kaki
30.Heel = Tumit
31.Instep = Kura-Kura Kaki
32.Sole = Tapak Kaki
33.Toes = Jari Kaki

THE INSIDES = ORGAN DALAM
1.Brain = Otak
2.Windpipe = Batang Tenggorokan
3.Heart = Jantung
4.Lung = Paru-Paru
5.Liver = Hati
6.Kidney = Ginjal
7.Intestines = Usus
8.Bladder = Kandung Kemis
9.Vein = Pembuluh Balik
10.Artery = Pembuluh Nadi
11.Muscle = Otot

THE EYE = MATA
1.Eyeball = Bola Mata
2.Eyebrow = Alis Mata
3.Eyelid = Kelopak Mata
4.Eyelashes = Bulu Mata
5.Pupil = Manik Mata
6.Iris = Selaput Pelangi

The Face = Wajah
1.Eye = Mata
2.Noise = Hidung
3.Ear = Telinga
4.Mouth = Mulut
5.Cheek = Pipi
6.Chin = Dagu
7.Temple = Pelipis
8.Forehead/Brow = Dahi/Kenig
9.Jaw = Rahang
10.Moustache = Kumis
11.Beard = Janggut
12.Tooth = Gigi
13.Lip = Bibir
14.Tongue = Lidah

reading

Definition of reading :
a. Learning to read means learning to pronounce word.
b. Learning to read means learning to identify words and get their meaning.
c. Learning to read means learning to bring meaning to a text in order to get meaning from it.

writing

Definition: art of forming letters and characters on paper, wood, stone or other ,materials.
The purpose of writing is an idea to communicating the peoples about something by interest sign.
Kinds of writing:
1. A pamphlet
2. A book
3. A literaty production
Examples of writing:
“ I am a little pencil in the hand of writing God who is sending a love letter to the world. “ ( by Mother Teresa )

announcement

Definition : Something said, written or printed to make know what has happened or what will happen.
Characteristic :
• Giving information to public;
• Using clear instruction;
• Generally in short form.
Generic Structures :
• The title / type of event;
• Date / time, place;
• Contact Person.
Kinds of Announcement :
• Birth Personal;
• School Announcement; etc.

gaining attention

The definition of Gaining Attention:
Gaining attention is attitude to show to ask attention from the other people. The purpose is to find attention, the other people so the other pay attention.

When we try someone or group of the people to pay attention to what we want to do, we may use expression:
* Excuse me
* Look at me
* Look at my eyes
* Listen me, please

To response the expression about something, we can use:
* I’m listening
* I’m ready to hear now
* Let’s hear it together
* Let’s pay attention announcement

For Example:
Sosa : hey melisa, look at me
Melisa : yeah, I’m looking you.
What’s up?
Sosa : what is there different something in my eyes?
Melisa : oh.. no there.

happiness expression

Definition of Happiness Expression
Happiness expression is expression of feeling from someone to other people to gape happiness felling

Several expression of happiness expression:
-I’m so happy for you
-I’m happy to hear that
-I’m glad to know that
-I’m so happy to know it
-My happiness for you

Example of Happiness Expression:
Deni : wow, I’m happy because today my father will to go out from hospital
Roja : I’m so happy for you… God always blessing your father.

appointment

Definition of Appointment:
Appointment is word to the readiness and capability to do or not something
(for example: please, give, help, to meet)

What would we say to make or cancel on appointment:
• I wont to make on appointment to see…,
• I’d like to make appointment with…,
• Can I come and see you?
• I’ll be there

Accepting on appointment:
• All right,
• No problem,
• See you right there,
• I’m free on,
• Be there on time
• I’ll be wait for you

Example of Appointment:
Ria: I want we can meet to restaurant to have at dinner at 07.00 PM can you…?
Via: Ok… no problem! I’ll be wait for you.

direct and indirect speech

Direct speech : refers to reproducing another persons excact word. We use quotation marks (" ")

Example of Direct Speech :

1. Jani said, “I’m very busy .”

2. They said, “We have bought a picture.”

3. He said, “I am learning my lesson.”

4. Lisa says, “I got the first prize.”

5. You said, “I will come to help him.”

6. Oskar will say, “I will do my best.”


Indirect speech : refers to reproducing the idea of another persons
word.

There are 3 kinds of indirect speech :

1. Imperrative (command/request)

2. interrogative (question)

3. Declarative (statement)


Example :
1. Imperrative (command / request)
Direct : Mrs. Rika said to Dina, "Don't wory about it."
Indirect : Mrs. Rika told Dina not to wory about it.

2. Interrogative (question)
Direct : Risa asked to Nico, "Are you a journalist?"
Indirect : Risa asked if / whether He was journalist.

3. Declarative (statement)
Direct : Mr. Dion said, "I worked hard yesterday."
Indirect : Mr. Dion said that he worked hard the day before.

In comand sentences, direct speech can changed to indirect speech with change "Said" to be "Ordered", "Told", and "Forbade".

Example :
1. Direct : Hamid said, "Open the door!"
Indirect : Hamid ordered to open the door.

2. Direct : Hamid said, "Dul, come here!"
Indirect : Hamid told Dul to come there.

3. Direct : Hamid said to Andi, "Do not disturb me!"
Indirect : Hamid forbade Andi to disturb him.

recount text

The purpose of a recount is to list and describe past experiences by retelling events in the order in which they happened (chronological order). Recounts are written to retell events with the purpose of either informing or entertaining their audience (or both).

Types of Recount

* Personal Recount
These usually retell an event that the writer was personally involved in.

* Factual Recount
Recording an incident, eg. a science experiment, police report.

* Imaginative Recount
Writing an imaginary role and giving details of events, eg. A day in the life of a pirate; How I invented...

Features of Recounts

* focuses on individual participants/events

Structure

* the recount has a title, which usually summarises the text
* specific participants (Mum, the crab)
* The basic recount consists of three parts:
1. the setting or orientation - background information answering who? when? where? why?
2. events are identified and described in chronological order.
3. concluding comments express a personal opinion regarding the events described
* details are selected to help the reader reconstruct the activity or incident (Factual Recount)
* the ending may describe the outcome of the activity, eg. in a science activity (Factual Recount)
* details of time, place and incident need to be clearly stated, eg. At 11.15 pm, between Reid Rd and Havelock St a man drove at 140 kms toward the shopping centre (Factual Recount)
* descriptive details may also be required to provide information, eg. He was a skinny boy with a blue shirt, red sneakers and long tied back hair (Factual Recount)
* includes personal thoughts/reactions (Imaginative Recount)

Language

* is written in the past tense (she yelled, it nipped, she walked)
* frequent use is made of words which link events in time, such as next, later, when, then, after, before, first, at the same time, as soon as she left, late on Friday)
* recounts describe events, so plenty of use is made of verbs (action words), and of adverbs (which describe or add more detail to verbs)
* details are often chosen to add interest or humour to the recount.
* use of personal pronouns (I, we) (Personal Recount)
* the passive voice may be used, eg. the bottle was filled with ink (Factual Recount)

invitation

Most spore invitation are in the farm of question they often begin with will,would,would you like to,would you care to,etc


Offerins invitation
->Would you like to come to the restaurant this evening?
->Will you join us?
->Would you care to have dinner with us tonight?
->Could you come to a party at my place tomorrow?
->I wander whether you would care to come on a picnic with us next week?


Accepting invitation
->Yes,I'd love very much.
->Thank you.
->Yes,with pleasure.



Reffusing
->If you don't mind,i'd rather not.
->Thank you,i'm busy,may be next time.
->I have got another appointment.
->I'm sorry.
->I've lost to work to do.

simple present tense

Simple present tense is a tense that used to express of obviously, or habitually.
Simple present tense to used : V¬1
I, you, we, they = V1
(She, he, it = V1 + s/es)
1.1 Kalimat Nominal
Positive : Subject + to be + Oc
Negative : Subject + to be not + Oc
interrogative : To be + subject + Oc ?
Example :
Positive : I am go to school
Negative : I am not go to school
interrogative : am I go to school ?
1.2 Kalimat Verbal
Positive : Subject + V1 – s/es + Oc
Negative : Subject + do/does not + V1 + Oc
interrogative : do / does + Subject + V1 + Oc ?
Kata kerja dengan akhiran ch, o, sh, ss, x, kata kerjanya ditambah “es”.
Example : Catch = catches
do = does
go = goes

advertisement

Advertisement is information for persuading and motivate a people so that it will attracted them to service and things that are affered
Function of advertisement
1. Promoun
2. Communication
3. Information
Making an advertisement
1. Language of advertisement
• Using the correct suitable word
• Using the interesting expression and suggestive
• Text of advertisement should directly to the goals
1. Advertisement content
• Objective and hoarest
• Don’t to allude group and to other produces
Kind of advertisement
Family advertisement
Invitation
Sponsored
Requested
News
Announcement

narrative text

Narrative text
Narrative text is to tell something in the past. The purpose is to entertain, created/stimulated emotion, motivate, guide and teach

Example :
Legend : Malin kundang, Lake toba
Fable : Birds and snake, etc
Fairy tale : Snow white, Cinderella
Horror : The wall, House of the death
Science fiction : Alien
The generic structure of narrative text :

Orientation : The setting of the story :
The starting point of a narrative story to make readers understand what the story talking about
Describing the main character of the story
Complication : The problem raises in the story

Resolution : The thing happens after the problem raised